Django is a high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design.
Developed by a fast-moving online-news operation, Django was designed to handle two challenges: the intensive deadlines of a newsroom and the stringent requirements of the experienced Web developers who wrote it. It lets you build high-performing, elegant Web applications quickly.
Django at a glance.
Because Django was developed in a fast-paced newsroom environment, it was designed to make common Web-development tasks fast and easy. Here’s an informal overview of how to write a database-driven Web app with Django.
The goal of this document is to give you enough technical specifics to understand how Django works, but this isn’t intended to be a tutorial or reference – but we’ve got both! When you’re ready to start a project, you can start with the tutorial or dive right into more detailed documentation.
Design your model.
Although you can use Django without a database, it comes with an object-relational mapper in which you describe your database layout in Python code.
The data-model syntax offers many rich ways of representing your models – so far, it’s been solving two years’ worth of database-schema problems. Here’s a quick example, which might be saved in the file mysite/news/models.py:
from django.db import models
class Reporter(models.Model):
full_name = models.CharField(max_length=70)
# On Python 3: def __str__(self):
def __unicode__(self):
return self.full_name
class Article(models.Model):
pub_date = models.DateField()
headline = models.CharField(max_length=200)
content = models.TextField()
reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter)
# On Python 3: def __str__(self):
def __unicode__(self):
return self.headline
Install it.
Next, run the Django command-line utility to create the database tables automatically:
$ python manage.py syncdb
The syncdb command looks at all your available models and creates tables in your database for whichever tables don’t already exist.
Enjoy the free API.
With that, you’ve got a free, and rich, Python API to access your data. The API is created on the fly, no code generation necessary:
# Import the models we created from our "news" app
>>> from news.models import Reporter, Article# No reporters are in the system yet.
>>> Reporter.objects.all()
[]# Create a new Reporter.
>>> r = Reporter(full_name='John Smith')# Save the object into the database. You have to call save() explicitly.
>>> r.save()# Now it has an ID.
>>> r.id
1# Now the new reporter is in the database.
>>> Reporter.objects.all()
[<Reporter: John Smith>]# Fields are represented as attributes on the Python object.
>>> r.full_name
'John Smith'# Django provides a rich database lookup API.
>>> Reporter.objects.get(id=1)
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> Reporter.objects.get(full_name__startswith='John')
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> Reporter.objects.get(full_name__contains='mith')
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> Reporter.objects.get(id=2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
DoesNotExist: Reporter matching query does not exist. Lookup parameters were {'id': 2}# Create an article.
>>> from datetime import date
>>> a = Article(pub_date=date.today(), headline='Django is cool',
... content='Yeah.', reporter=r)
>>> a.save()# Now the article is in the database.
>>> Article.objects.all()
[<Article: Django is cool>]# Article objects get API access to related Reporter objects.
>>> r = a.reporter
>>> r.full_name
'John Smith'# And vice versa: Reporter objects get API access to Article objects.
>>> r.article_set.all()
[<Article: Django is cool>]# The API follows relationships as far as you need, performing efficient
# JOINs for you behind the scenes.
# This finds all articles by a reporter whose name starts with "John".
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__full_name__startswith="John")
[<Article: Django is cool>]# Change an object by altering its attributes and calling save().
>>> r.full_name = 'Billy Goat'
>>> r.save()# Delete an object with delete().
>>> r.delete()
A dynamic admin interface: it’s not just scaffolding – it’s the whole house
Once your models are defined, Django can automatically create a professional, production ready administrative interface – a Web site that lets authenticated users add, change and delete objects. It’s as easy as registering your model in the admin site:
# In models.py...
from django.db import models
class Article(models.Model):
pub_date = models.DateField()
headline = models.CharField(max_length=200)
content = models.TextField()
reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter)
# In admin.py in the same directory...import models
from django.contrib import adminadmin.site.register(models.Article)
The philosophy here is that your site is edited by a staff, or a client, or maybe just you – and you don’t want to have to deal with creating backend interfaces just to manage content.
One typical workflow in creating Django apps is to create models and get the admin sites up and running as fast as possible, so your staff (or clients) can start populating data. Then, develop the way data is presented to the public.
Design your URLs.
A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality Web application. Django encourages beautiful URL design and doesn’t put any cruft in URLs, like .php or .asp.
To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module called a URLconf. A table of contents for your app, it contains a simple mapping between URL patterns and Python callback functions. URLconfs also serve to decouple URLs from Python code.
Here’s what a URLconf might look like for the Reporter/Article example above:
from django.conf.urls import patterns
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^articles/(\d{4})/$', 'news.views.year_archive'),
(r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/$', 'news.views.month_archive'),
(r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/(\d+)/$', 'news.views.article_detail'),
)
The code above maps URLs, as simple regular expressions, to the location of Python callback functions (“views”). The regular expressions use parenthesis to “capture” values from the URLs. When a user requests a page, Django runs through each pattern, in order, and stops at the first one that matches the requested URL. (If none of them matches, Django calls a special-case 404 view.) This is blazingly fast, because the regular expressions are compiled at load time.
Once one of the regexes matches, Django imports and calls the given view, which is a simple Python function. Each view gets passed a request object – which contains request metadata – and the values captured in the regex.
For example, if a user requested the URL “/articles/2005/05/39323/”, Django would call the function news.views.article_detail(request, '2005', '05', '39323').
Write your views
Each view is responsible for doing one of two things: Returning an HttpResponse object containing the content for the requested page, or raising an exception such as Http404. The rest is up to you.
Generally, a view retrieves data according to the parameters, loads a template and renders the template with the retrieved data. Here’s an example view for year_archive from above:
from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
def year_archive(request, year):
a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)
return render_to_response('news/year_archive.html', {'year': year, 'article_list': a_list})
This example uses Django’s template system, which has several powerful features but strives to stay simple enough for non-programmers to use.
Design your templates.
The code above loads the news/year_archive.html template.
Django has a template search path, which allows you to minimize redundancy among templates. In your Django settings, you specify a list of directories to check for templates with TEMPLATE_DIRS. If a template doesn’t exist in the first directory, it checks the second, and so on.
Let’s say the news/year_archive.html template was found. Here’s what that might look like:
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>{% for article in article_list %}
<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>
<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>
<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>
{% endfor %}
{% endblock %}
Variables are surrounded by double-curly braces. {{ article.headline }} means “Output the value of the article’s headline attribute.” But dots aren’t used only for attribute lookup: They also can do dictionary-key lookup, index lookup and function calls.
Note {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }} uses a Unix-style “pipe” (the “|” character). This is called a template filter, and it’s a way to filter the value of a variable. In this case, the date filter formats a Python datetime object in the given format (as found in PHP’s date function).
You can chain together as many filters as you’d like. You can write custom template filters. You can write custom template tags, which run custom Python code behind the scenes.
Finally, Django uses the concept of “template inheritance”: That’s what the {% extends "base.html" %} does. It means “First load the template called ‘base’, which has defined a bunch of blocks, and fill the blocks with the following blocks.” In short, that lets you dramatically cut down on redundancy in templates: each template has to define only what’s unique to that template.
Here’s what the “base.html” template, including the use of static files, might look like:
{% load staticfiles %}
<html>
<head>
<title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="{% static "images/sitelogo.png" %}" alt="Logo" />
{% block content %}{% endblock %}
</body>
</html>
Simplistically, it defines the look-and-feel of the site (with the site’s logo), and provides “holes” for child templates to fill. This makes a site redesign as easy as changing a single file – the base template.
It also lets you create multiple versions of a site, with different base templates, while reusing child templates. Django’s creators have used this technique to create strikingly different cell-phone editions of sites – simply by creating a new base template.
Note that you don’t have to use Django’s template system if you prefer another system. While Django’s template system is particularly well-integrated with Django’s model layer, nothing forces you to use it. For that matter, you don’t have to use Django’s database API, either. You can use another database abstraction layer, you can read XML files, you can read files off disk, or anything you want. Each piece of Django – models, views, templates – is decoupled from the next.
This is just the surface.
This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:
A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.
A syndication framework that makes creating RSS and Atom feeds as easy as writing a small Python class.
More sexy automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.
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